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by @ Health

Sun Feb 11 17:35:26 PST 2018

Hey everyone,

Thank you in advance for taking the time to read and respond to my post. I’m a 23 year old (otherwise healthy) male who was diagnosed with lyme disease about two months ago. After undergoing an intense supplement/herbal/energetical therapy cleanse and detox, my docotor confirmed that the lyme had left my body. However, I am still experiencing all of my original symptoms, including random shaking, a neck tremor, intense brain fog, a really infammed gut/liver/kidneys, etc. I’m struggling to determine my next course of action — has anyone reading his post dealt with lyme? — have you tried dietary changes to help heal your system? I’m also curious if bpc 157 would be a good option for me? I already eat a fairly well balanced diet that is exclusively organic/non gmo, as well as taking about 15 relevant supplents a day (including probiotics). I guess, in general, I’m seeking any lyme, dietary, or other advice that you might have for me.

Thanks for your time,

-Braden

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by Forece @ 《盘点北美加拿大 Costco 里边的保健品（最全合集）》的评论

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Why do some turtles outlive humans?

by @ Articles - Articles

Wed Feb 08 16:45:06 PST 2017

(⇒ write for LongeCity )

The oldest human recorded in modernity was Jeanne Louise Calment, she died in the age of 122 years and 164 days [1] .

There are rumors that the oldest tortoise called Adwaita (Aldabra giant tortoise) died in the age of about 250 years [2] or that it was 188-year-old radiated tortoise named Tui Malila [3] , or that the highest verified age of 177 years had Galapagos giant tortoise Harriet [4] . The oldest currently living turtle is considered to be Jonathan (Seychelles giant tortoise), estimated to be over 180 years old these days [5] . Although all aforementioned numbers are estimations, it seems these turtles were older than human supercentenarians.

All previously mentioned species are terrestrial tortoises, a group with longest lifespans among turtles. The most famous of them, well-researched Galapagos giant tortoise, was observed by Charles Darwin when he was forming his well-known theory of evolution by natural selection [6] . There is only one freshwater turtle known to be able to outlive human, it is the common snapping turtle estimated to live up to more than hundred years [7] . While being considerably less researched, recorded maximal lifespan of sea turtles is usually shorter, not exceeding 80 years, however, it is believed that the green sea turtle can live up to 100 years. [8]

It is a difficult question to answer why these reptiles can outlive us because even to determine the actual age of animals with a long lifespan is complicated – partially due to the fact that it takes such a long time to study. Furthermore, many turtles are endangered species [9] so there may not be as many organisms to hand as needed for proper statistics. Nonetheless, we can still claim that turtles are among the most long-living vertebrates on earth [10] . Why?

Firstly, turtles, like all reptiles, benefit from being ectothermic organisms. They do not maintain body temperature and thus save a lot of energy. But that also means they are less flexible: it is crucial for their lifespan to be in natural temperature environment of daily cycles with night-time temperature drop [11] . If they do not live under these conditions in captivity, metabolic pathways change and turtles die much sooner. [12]

Turtles are well-adapted in other ways: their famous shell – the carapace –is good protection against natural predators. Most of hatchling turtles with a soft shell do not survive the first year [13] . A research of natural populations of freshwater turtles showed that only one per cent of them can celebrate the twentieth birthdays, but once the adulthood is reached, mortality rate drops and remains constant throughout the rest of life [14] .

Some turtles can survive under extreme environmental conditions, such as freezing [15] or lack of oxygen for months [16] . They can even undergo hibernation and anaerobic metabolism and therefore deal with hypoxia and anoxia, it was also proposed that the same genes can play a role in longevity itself [17] and also in oxidative stress resistance [18] that further promotes longer life [19] .

Turtle’s bones and shell are used as lactate buffer lowering metabolic acidosis caused by anaerobic glycolysis during the period of lack of oxygen [20] ; [21] Their organism is protected by strong innate immunity compensating slow acquired immune reactions [22] .

Because turtles have very slow metabolism as well as growth, their bodies do not need to deal with excessive metabolic heat and byproducts as mammals [23] . Their natural diet is very simple but also necessary for their longevity. [24]

According to the evolutionary theories, staying alive is less important after menopause. Galapagos giant tortoises achieve sexual maturity late (around the age of up to forty years in the wild, and between twenty and twenty-five years of life in captivity [25] ), then staying fertile until death [26] .

The Hayflick limit is said to determine how many times a cell can divide [27] . The Hayflick limit of Galapagos giant tortoise was said to be about 110 divisions [28] , approximately twice as many as 50 of human cells [29] . Studies in this context have highlighted the importance of telomeres, the protective end sequences of chromosomes, that get shorter with each cell division [30] , can play at least a partially role in life expectancy. It was observed that telomeres in European freshwater turtle’s cells are of the same length in both embryo and adult organism [31] .

Thus, it was believed that turtles are negligibly senescent organisms [32] . In other words, the cells do not age and no age-related diseases appear, which is very different cell behavior than in human bodies [33] and probably the key to any natural longevity. However, evidence now suggests that turtles may not be really negligibly senescent because of observations of survival and reproductive senescence in late age in the painted turtle population [34]

As we can see, turtles have some advantages in the lifespan field. Some of these might inspire researchers to increase lifespans in humans.

References

[1] Oldest person ever. Retrieved January 31, 2017, from http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/oldest-person

[2] BBC (2006, March 23). “Clive of India’s” tortoise dies. BBC South Asia. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4837988.stm

[3] Associated Press (2006, June 26). Tortoise believed to have been owned by Darwin Dies at 176. Fox News. Retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/06/26/tortoise-believed-to-have-been-owned-by-darwin-dies-at-176.html

[4] Galapagos tortoise (Geochelone nigra) longevity, ageing, and life history. Retrieved January 31, 2017, from http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Geochelone_nigra

[5] Hollins, J. (2012). The world’s most isolated vet? Veterinary Record, 171(2), i–i. doi:10.1136/vr.g7292

[6] Powell, J., & Caccone, A. (2006). Giant tortoises. Current Biology, 16(5), R144–R145. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.050

[7] Cameron, M. (2008). COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Snapping Turtle Chelydra serpentina in Canada . Retrieved from http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2009/ec/CW69-14-565-2009E.pdf

[8] Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) longevity, ageing, and life history. Retrieved January 31, 2017, from http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Chelonia_mydas

[9] Jacobson, E. R. (1994). Causes of Mortality and Diseases in Tortoises: A Review. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 25(1), 2–17.

[10] Gibbons, J. W. (1987). Why do turtles live so long? BioScience, 37(4), 262–269. doi:10.2307/1310589

[11] Flouris, A. D., & Piantoni, C. (2014). Links between thermoregulation and aging in endotherms and ectotherms. Temperature, 2(1), 73–85. doi:10.4161/23328940.2014.989793

[12] Vadala, N. How Long Do Turtles Live? Retrieved January 31, 2017, from http://www.petmd.com/reptile/care/how-long-do-turtles-live

[13] Stewart, K. R., & Wyneken, J. (2004). Predation risk to loggerhead hatchlings at a high-density nesting beach in Southeast Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science, 74(2), 325–335.

[14] Gibbons, J. W., & Semlitsch, R. D. (1982). Survivorship and longevity of a long-lived vertebrate species: How long do turtles live? The Journal of Animal Ecology, 51(2), 523. doi:10.2307/3981

[15] Packard, G. C., & Packard, M. J. (2003). Natural freeze-tolerance in hatchling painted turtles? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 134(2), 233–246. doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00264-7

[16] Milton, S. L., & Prentice, H. M. (2007). Beyond anoxia: The physiology of metabolic downregulation and recovery in the anoxia-tolerant turtle. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 147(2), 277–290. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.08.041

[17] Shaffer, H. B., Minx, P., Warren, D. E., Shedlock, A. M., Thomson, R. C., Valenzuela, N., … Wilson, R. K. (2013). The western painted turtle genome, a model for the evolution of extreme physiological adaptations in a slowly evolving lineage. Genome Biology, 14(3), R28.doi:10.1186/gb-2013-14-3-r28

[18] Garbarino, V. R., Orr, M. E., Rodriguez, K. A., & Buffenstein, R. (2015). Mechanisms of oxidative stress resistance in the brain: Lessons learned from hypoxia tolerant extremophilic vertebrates. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 576, 8–16. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2015.01.029

[19] von Zglinicki, T. (2002). Oxidative stress shortens telomeres. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 27(7), 339–344. doi:10.1016/s0968-0004(02)02110-2

[20] Jackson, D. C. (2000). Living without oxygen: Lessons from the freshwater turtle. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 125(3), 299–315. doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00160-4

[21] Krivoruchko & Storey, 2010).

[22] Sandmeier, F. C., Tracy, C. R., Dupre, S., & Hunter, K. (2012). A trade-off between natural and acquired antibody production in a reptile: Implications for long-term resistance to disease. Biology Open, 1(11), 1078–1082. doi:10.1242/bio.20122527

[23] Bilinski, T., Paszkiewicz, T., & Zadrag-Tecza, R. (2015). Energy excess is the main cause of accelerated aging of mammals. Oncotarget, 6(15), 12909–12919. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.4271

[24] Casares, M., Honegger, R. E., & Rubel, A. (1995). Management of giant tortoises Geochelone elephantopus and Geochelone gigantean at Zurich Zoological gardens. International Zoo Yearbook, 34(1), 135–143. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1995.tb00671.x

[25] Global, S. D. Z. (2010). Galapagos tortoise fact sheet. Retrieved January 31, 2017, from http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/galapagos_tortoise/tortoise.htm

[26] Curtin, A. J., Zug, G. R., & Spotila, J. R. (2009). Longevity and growth strategies of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in two American deserts. Journal of Arid Environments, 73(4-5), 463–471. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.11.011

[27] Hayflick, L. (1965). The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains. Experimental Cell Research, 37(3), 614–636. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(65)90211-9

[28] Goldstein, S. (1974). Aging in vitro. Experimental Cell Research, 83(2), 297–302. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(74)90342-5

[29] Hayflick, L., & Moorhead, P. S. (1961). The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Experimental Cell Research, 25(3), 585–621. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(61)90192-6

[30] Harley, C. B., Futcher, A. B., & Greider, C. W. (1990). Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature, 345(6274), 458–460. doi:10.1038/345458a0

[31] Girondot, M., & Garcia, J. (1999). Senescence and longevity in turtles: What telomeres tell us. 9th extraordinary meeting of the societas Europaea Herpetologica, 1, 25–29. Retrieved from //www.researchgate.net/publication/252290006_Senescence_and_longevity_in_turtles_What_telomeres_tell_us

[32] Miller, J. K. (2001). Escaping senescence: Demographic data from the three-toed box turtle (Terrapene carolina triunguis). Experimental Gerontology, 36(4-6), 829–832. doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(00)00243-6

[33] Schächter, F., Cohen, D., & Kirkwood, T. (1993). Prospects for the genetics of human longevity. Human Genetics, 91(6), . doi:10.1007/bf00205074

[34] Warner, D. A., Miller, D. A. W., Bronikowski, A. M., & Janzen, F. J. (2016). Decades of field data reveal that turtles senesce in the wild. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(23), 6502–6507. doi:10.1073/pnas.1600035113

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Nootropics in human trials (Intro)

by @ Articles

Sat Sep 09 06:57:38 PDT 2017

The word "nootropic" derives from the Greek words nous, or "mind", and trepein meaning "to bend or turn". It was first coined by Romanian psychologist and chemist, Corneliu E. Giurgea after synthesizing Piracetam.
For Giurgea a nootropic drug should have the following characteristics:
1. They should enhance learning and memory.
2. They should enhance the resistance of learned behaviors/memories to conditions which tend to disrupt them (e.g. electroconvulsive shock, hypoxia).
3. They should protect the brain against various physical or chemical injuries (e.g. barbiturates, scopalamine).
4. They should increase the efficacy of the tonic cortical/subcortical control mechanisms.
5. They should lack the usual pharmacology of other psychotropic drugs (e.g. sedation, motor stimulation) and possess very few side effects and extremely low toxicity.

In fact, most drugs commonly labelled as nootropics do not fulfill all of these requirements. Some of the best known (e.g. Adderall, Modafinil) seem to not fulfill any, as discussed later. Instead, other characteristics like (reputed increased alertness, focus or motivation) seem to be key to their popularity.
Because of deviating definitions nootropics are more broadly defined (e.g. in wikipedia) as drugs, supplements, or other substances that improve cognitive function, particularly executive functions, memory, creativity, or motivation, in healthy individuals.

Some nootropics from the very common to the :

Caffeine
Caffeine is the world’s most widely used stimulant (Nawrot, et al., 2003). It is used by over 90 % of North Americans every day (Mednick et al., 2008). It is widely used because of its positive effects on mood and alertness (Lorist & Tops, 2003)and vigilance and attention (Lieberman et al., 1987). However, these effects do not seem applicable / transferable to motor learning and verbal memory and are unable to reverse effects of sleep deprivation, with a dose of 200mg in low to moderate users (< than 2 cups a day) (Mednick et al., 2008). It is also shown to be ineffective in higher cognitive tasks involving working memory (Battig et al., 1984). Overall conclusions regarding the relation of caffeine and memory have been mixed. Positive effects might stem from caffeine withdrawal in high dosage users (Mednick et al., 2008).

Nicotine
With about 1,1 billion smokers worldwide in the year 2015 (WHO 2015) nicotine takes second place as the most widely used stimulant. It was shown that the application of nicotine in non-smoking males enhances performance in continuous performance tasks and therefore is said to improve attention and working-memory (Kumari, et al., 2003), which is in line with other studies suggesting that nicotine affects short-term memory in delayed free recall tasks (Sarah & Fox, 1998)
Another study examined nicotine’s effects on alertness and performance on a covert orienting task were measured. While nicotine decreased overall reaction times in the covert orienting task, there was no change in the validity effect, the reaction time difference between validly and invalidly cued targets. However, nicotine significantly improved both EEG and self-rated measures of alertness. Nicotine seems to increases alertness in non-smokers, with no improvement in spatial attention using a covert orienting task (Griesar et al., 2002). Furthermore Nicotine seems to reduce distraction under low perceptual load by acting as a stimulus filter that prevents irrelevant stimuli entering awareness (Behler et al., 2015).

Methylphenidate/ Ritalin
Most college students I know will immediately think of Ritalin or Modafinil if they are asked to name a cognitive enhancer. Studies have found that 4.1% to 10.8% of college students in the US reported using prescription stimulants non-medically during the past year (Garnier-Dykstra, et al., 2012).
Methylphenidate (MPH - common brand name ‘Ritalin’) is used in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. Most studies focused on the its effects on Attention, Mood, Memory and executive functions. A single dose of MPH showed a positive effect on memory. Repeated doses of MPH had a mood elevating effect but also enhanced anxiety. No statistically significant effect was found in the outcomes attention, mood and executive functions. MPH had no significant effect on sleep-deprived individuals (Repantis et al., 2010). In a 2015 review the authors found some ‘publication bias’, relating to long-term and working memory and conclude that the effect in healthy subject is probably modest overall and that healthy users resort to stimulants to enhance their energy and motivation more than their cognition (Ilieva et al., 2015).

Modafinil
Modafinil is used in treatment of disorders such as narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and excessive daytime sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea. Most studies focused on its effects on attention, mood, memory, wakefulness and executive functions and motivation. A single dose showed positive effects on attention only. On sleep deprived individuals it was shown to have an impact on executive functions, on memory and wakefulness but there was an insignificant effect on mood and attention (Repantis et al., 2010). A 2012 meta-analysis found that Modafinil was likely effective but criticised the gaps in the literature. (Kelley et al., 2012)
A recent study on chess players found significantly enhanced performance with Modafinil or Ritalin but only when the players were not under time pressure (Franke et al. 2017).

Adderall
Mixed Amphetamine Salts also known under the brand Name Adderall became increasingly popular in recent years as an athletic performance enhancer and cognitive enhancer. Like Ritalin, it is also used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy.
Overall effects of Adderall on cognition have been reviewed as very modest, while having a huge effect on perception. It was found to enhance performance in word recall, embedded figures and Raven's Progressive Matrices, but only for lower performing individuals (Ilieva et al., 2013). Adderall might also impair creativity in high performing individuals (Farah et al., 2009).

L-theanine & Caffeine
L- theanine is primarily found in plants (e.g. in the leaves of green and black tea) and fungus. Results evidently demonstrated that L-theanine clearly has a pronounced effect on attention performance and reaction time response in normal healthy subjects susceptible to having high anxiety (Higashiyama et al., 2011).
A dose of L-theanine equivalent to eight cups of black tea improves cognitive and neurophysiological measures of selective attention, to a degree that is comparable with that of caffeine. The combination of Theanine and caffeine seem to have additive effects on attention in high doses (Kahathuduwa et al.,2016).
Studies suggest that 97 mg of L-theanine in combination with 40 mg of caffeine helps to focus attention during a demanding cognitive task (Giesbrecht 2010).

Bacopa Monnieri
Bacopa Monnieri is an herb which has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries. Bacopa's primary mechanism of action is still unclear, it seems to be an anti-oxidant, a weak acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and a cerebral blood flow activator (Aguiar & Borowski , 2013).
There is some evidence to suggest that Bacopa Monnieri improves memory with little evidence of enhancement in any other cognitive domains (Pase et al., 2012).

Piracetam
Closing the circle to the beginning of this short introduction to the topic: Giurgea first coined the term "nootropic" when he synthesized Piracetam in 1964. Since it is not approved by the US FDA, it is primarily used in Europe, Asia, and South America. It is commonly prescribed for cognitive impairment and dementia in several countries of Europe. Research suggests that Piracetam might also have a positive effect on healthy individuals. Subjects were given 3×4 capsules at 400 mg per day, in a double blind study. Each subject learned series of words presented as stimuli upon a memory drum. No effects were observed after 7 days but after 14 days verbal learning had significantly increased (Dimond & Brouwers, 1976). It might also be beneficial for cognitive decline associated with age. Aging subjects did significantly better in a computerized perceptual-motor tasks when on piracetam than on a placebo. (Mindus et al. 1976). While these old studies may not be that reliable, it is still held that Piracetam's “efficacy is documented in cognitive disorders and dementia, vertigo, cortical myoclonus, dyslexia, and sickle cell anemia. While high doses are sometimes necessary, piracetam is well tolerated” (Winblad, 2005). Since Piracetam was first synthesized many structurally similar compounds have emerged. These so called Racetams have poorly understood mechanisms of action; however, piracetam and aniracetam are known to act as positive allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors and appear to modulate cholinergic systems (Gualtieri et al., 2002).

This article is solely for information purposes, not a substitute for professional medical or dietary advice.
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References
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* Franke, A.G.; Gränsmark, P., Agricola, A., Schühle, K., Rommel, T., Sebastian, A., Balló, H.E., Gorbulev, S., Gerdes, C., Frank, B., Ruckes, C., Tüscher, O., Lieb, K. (2017) "Methylphenidate, modafinil, and caffeine for cognitive enhancement in chess: A double-blind, randomised controlled trial" in: European Neuropsychopharmacology Vol27, Issue 3, 1, pp248-260
* Garnier-Dykstra, L. M., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., O’Grady, K. E., & Arria, A. M. (2012).Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants during college: Four-year trends in exposure opportunity, use, motives, and sources. J Am Coll Health, 226-234.
* Giesbrecht, T., Rycroft , J. A., Rowson , M. J., & De Bruin , E. A. (2010). The combination of L-theanine and caffeine improves cognitive performance and increases subjective alertness. Nutritional Neuroscience, 283-290.
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