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Health Tips and Tricks

by phil @ Elixa

Tue Jan 30 10:20:35 PST 2018

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Why do some turtles outlive humans?

by @ Articles - Articles

Wed Feb 08 16:45:06 PST 2017

(⇒ write for LongeCity )

The oldest human recorded in modernity was Jeanne Louise Calment, she died in the age of 122 years and 164 days [1] .

There are rumors that the oldest tortoise called Adwaita (Aldabra giant tortoise) died in the age of about 250 years [2] or that it was 188-year-old radiated tortoise named Tui Malila [3] , or that the highest verified age of 177 years had Galapagos giant tortoise Harriet [4] . The oldest currently living turtle is considered to be Jonathan (Seychelles giant tortoise), estimated to be over 180 years old these days [5] . Although all aforementioned numbers are estimations, it seems these turtles were older than human supercentenarians.

All previously mentioned species are terrestrial tortoises, a group with longest lifespans among turtles. The most famous of them, well-researched Galapagos giant tortoise, was observed by Charles Darwin when he was forming his well-known theory of evolution by natural selection [6] . There is only one freshwater turtle known to be able to outlive human, it is the common snapping turtle estimated to live up to more than hundred years [7] . While being considerably less researched, recorded maximal lifespan of sea turtles is usually shorter, not exceeding 80 years, however, it is believed that the green sea turtle can live up to 100 years. [8]

It is a difficult question to answer why these reptiles can outlive us because even to determine the actual age of animals with a long lifespan is complicated – partially due to the fact that it takes such a long time to study. Furthermore, many turtles are endangered species [9] so there may not be as many organisms to hand as needed for proper statistics. Nonetheless, we can still claim that turtles are among the most long-living vertebrates on earth [10] . Why?

Firstly, turtles, like all reptiles, benefit from being ectothermic organisms. They do not maintain body temperature and thus save a lot of energy. But that also means they are less flexible: it is crucial for their lifespan to be in natural temperature environment of daily cycles with night-time temperature drop [11] . If they do not live under these conditions in captivity, metabolic pathways change and turtles die much sooner. [12]

Turtles are well-adapted in other ways: their famous shell – the carapace –is good protection against natural predators. Most of hatchling turtles with a soft shell do not survive the first year [13] . A research of natural populations of freshwater turtles showed that only one per cent of them can celebrate the twentieth birthdays, but once the adulthood is reached, mortality rate drops and remains constant throughout the rest of life [14] .

Some turtles can survive under extreme environmental conditions, such as freezing [15] or lack of oxygen for months [16] . They can even undergo hibernation and anaerobic metabolism and therefore deal with hypoxia and anoxia, it was also proposed that the same genes can play a role in longevity itself [17] and also in oxidative stress resistance [18] that further promotes longer life [19] .

Turtle’s bones and shell are used as lactate buffer lowering metabolic acidosis caused by anaerobic glycolysis during the period of lack of oxygen [20] ; [21] Their organism is protected by strong innate immunity compensating slow acquired immune reactions [22] .

Because turtles have very slow metabolism as well as growth, their bodies do not need to deal with excessive metabolic heat and byproducts as mammals [23] . Their natural diet is very simple but also necessary for their longevity. [24]

According to the evolutionary theories, staying alive is less important after menopause. Galapagos giant tortoises achieve sexual maturity late (around the age of up to forty years in the wild, and between twenty and twenty-five years of life in captivity [25] ), then staying fertile until death [26] .

The Hayflick limit is said to determine how many times a cell can divide [27] . The Hayflick limit of Galapagos giant tortoise was said to be about 110 divisions [28] , approximately twice as many as 50 of human cells [29] . Studies in this context have highlighted the importance of telomeres, the protective end sequences of chromosomes, that get shorter with each cell division [30] , can play at least a partially role in life expectancy. It was observed that telomeres in European freshwater turtle’s cells are of the same length in both embryo and adult organism [31] .

Thus, it was believed that turtles are negligibly senescent organisms [32] . In other words, the cells do not age and no age-related diseases appear, which is very different cell behavior than in human bodies [33] and probably the key to any natural longevity. However, evidence now suggests that turtles may not be really negligibly senescent because of observations of survival and reproductive senescence in late age in the painted turtle population [34]

As we can see, turtles have some advantages in the lifespan field. Some of these might inspire researchers to increase lifespans in humans.

References

[1] Oldest person ever. Retrieved January 31, 2017, from http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/oldest-person

[2] BBC (2006, March 23). “Clive of India’s” tortoise dies. BBC South Asia. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4837988.stm

[3] Associated Press (2006, June 26). Tortoise believed to have been owned by Darwin Dies at 176. Fox News. Retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/06/26/tortoise-believed-to-have-been-owned-by-darwin-dies-at-176.html

[4] Galapagos tortoise (Geochelone nigra) longevity, ageing, and life history. Retrieved January 31, 2017, from http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Geochelone_nigra

[5] Hollins, J. (2012). The world’s most isolated vet? Veterinary Record, 171(2), i–i. doi:10.1136/vr.g7292

[6] Powell, J., & Caccone, A. (2006). Giant tortoises. Current Biology, 16(5), R144–R145. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.050

[7] Cameron, M. (2008). COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Snapping Turtle Chelydra serpentina in Canada . Retrieved from http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2009/ec/CW69-14-565-2009E.pdf

[8] Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) longevity, ageing, and life history. Retrieved January 31, 2017, from http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Chelonia_mydas

[9] Jacobson, E. R. (1994). Causes of Mortality and Diseases in Tortoises: A Review. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 25(1), 2–17.

[10] Gibbons, J. W. (1987). Why do turtles live so long? BioScience, 37(4), 262–269. doi:10.2307/1310589

[11] Flouris, A. D., & Piantoni, C. (2014). Links between thermoregulation and aging in endotherms and ectotherms. Temperature, 2(1), 73–85. doi:10.4161/23328940.2014.989793

[12] Vadala, N. How Long Do Turtles Live? Retrieved January 31, 2017, from http://www.petmd.com/reptile/care/how-long-do-turtles-live

[13] Stewart, K. R., & Wyneken, J. (2004). Predation risk to loggerhead hatchlings at a high-density nesting beach in Southeast Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science, 74(2), 325–335.

[14] Gibbons, J. W., & Semlitsch, R. D. (1982). Survivorship and longevity of a long-lived vertebrate species: How long do turtles live? The Journal of Animal Ecology, 51(2), 523. doi:10.2307/3981

[15] Packard, G. C., & Packard, M. J. (2003). Natural freeze-tolerance in hatchling painted turtles? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 134(2), 233–246. doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00264-7

[16] Milton, S. L., & Prentice, H. M. (2007). Beyond anoxia: The physiology of metabolic downregulation and recovery in the anoxia-tolerant turtle. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 147(2), 277–290. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.08.041

[17] Shaffer, H. B., Minx, P., Warren, D. E., Shedlock, A. M., Thomson, R. C., Valenzuela, N., … Wilson, R. K. (2013). The western painted turtle genome, a model for the evolution of extreme physiological adaptations in a slowly evolving lineage. Genome Biology, 14(3), R28.doi:10.1186/gb-2013-14-3-r28

[18] Garbarino, V. R., Orr, M. E., Rodriguez, K. A., & Buffenstein, R. (2015). Mechanisms of oxidative stress resistance in the brain: Lessons learned from hypoxia tolerant extremophilic vertebrates. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 576, 8–16. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2015.01.029

[19] von Zglinicki, T. (2002). Oxidative stress shortens telomeres. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 27(7), 339–344. doi:10.1016/s0968-0004(02)02110-2

[20] Jackson, D. C. (2000). Living without oxygen: Lessons from the freshwater turtle. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 125(3), 299–315. doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00160-4

[21] Krivoruchko & Storey, 2010).

[22] Sandmeier, F. C., Tracy, C. R., Dupre, S., & Hunter, K. (2012). A trade-off between natural and acquired antibody production in a reptile: Implications for long-term resistance to disease. Biology Open, 1(11), 1078–1082. doi:10.1242/bio.20122527

[23] Bilinski, T., Paszkiewicz, T., & Zadrag-Tecza, R. (2015). Energy excess is the main cause of accelerated aging of mammals. Oncotarget, 6(15), 12909–12919. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.4271

[24] Casares, M., Honegger, R. E., & Rubel, A. (1995). Management of giant tortoises Geochelone elephantopus and Geochelone gigantean at Zurich Zoological gardens. International Zoo Yearbook, 34(1), 135–143. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1995.tb00671.x

[25] Global, S. D. Z. (2010). Galapagos tortoise fact sheet. Retrieved January 31, 2017, from http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/galapagos_tortoise/tortoise.htm

[26] Curtin, A. J., Zug, G. R., & Spotila, J. R. (2009). Longevity and growth strategies of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in two American deserts. Journal of Arid Environments, 73(4-5), 463–471. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.11.011

[27] Hayflick, L. (1965). The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains. Experimental Cell Research, 37(3), 614–636. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(65)90211-9

[28] Goldstein, S. (1974). Aging in vitro. Experimental Cell Research, 83(2), 297–302. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(74)90342-5

[29] Hayflick, L., & Moorhead, P. S. (1961). The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Experimental Cell Research, 25(3), 585–621. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(61)90192-6

[30] Harley, C. B., Futcher, A. B., & Greider, C. W. (1990). Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature, 345(6274), 458–460. doi:10.1038/345458a0

[31] Girondot, M., & Garcia, J. (1999). Senescence and longevity in turtles: What telomeres tell us. 9th extraordinary meeting of the societas Europaea Herpetologica, 1, 25–29. Retrieved from //www.researchgate.net/publication/252290006_Senescence_and_longevity_in_turtles_What_telomeres_tell_us

[32] Miller, J. K. (2001). Escaping senescence: Demographic data from the three-toed box turtle (Terrapene carolina triunguis). Experimental Gerontology, 36(4-6), 829–832. doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(00)00243-6

[33] Schächter, F., Cohen, D., & Kirkwood, T. (1993). Prospects for the genetics of human longevity. Human Genetics, 91(6), . doi:10.1007/bf00205074

[34] Warner, D. A., Miller, D. A. W., Bronikowski, A. M., & Janzen, F. J. (2016). Decades of field data reveal that turtles senesce in the wild. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(23), 6502–6507. doi:10.1073/pnas.1600035113

Silvonic (original model) CS Generator Instructions

by phil @ Elixa

Mon Mar 14 11:32:59 PDT 2016

Instructions for other Silvonic models: Silvonic 1G (gallon unit) Silvonic Pro Silvonic Turbo The Silvonic kit contains: 1 Control unit with output wires ending in alligator clips that connect to the silver rods. 1 Universal 110-240V AC power supply. 1 Auxiliary power cable for use with any power supply (AC or DC 12 – 36 […]

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Cryonics

by @ Articles - Articles

Tue Feb 21 13:06:47 PST 2012

The following is a quick overview on Cryonics.

NB: The information below is periodically reviewed for accuracy, but LongeCity makes no representations or gives any warranties whatsoever that the following information is accurate and complete at any point in time. LongeCity accepts no responsibility or liability for information contained on this page. The discussion of cryonics service providers and services in no way entails any endorsement on part of LongeCity. The lead author of this page, its editors and other contributors from time to time may be affiliated with one of the service providers mentioned below. Without qualification to the foregoing disclaimers, LongeCity strives to present the following information in an objective and balanced manner. If you feel that information on this page is inaccurate or imbalanced please contact the LongeCity Support Email.

INDEX

Cryonics Overview
Existing Cryonics Organizations
Cryonics Services Offered
Sizes of the Organizations
Whole Body/Neuro Options
Cryopreservation and Yearly Fees
Human Cryopreservation Procedures
Funding Cryonics by Insurance

Cryonics Overview

Cryonics is based on the idea that future medicine will have capabilities well beyond those of current medicine, including the ability to cure all diseases, rejuvenate and repair damage incurred in the cryopreservation process — through the use of nanotechnology and other technologies. Cryonics can be an ambulance or time capsule to future medicine which can allow us to live many thousands of years or longer in youth and good health. Stored at very low temperatures there will be very little molecular motion in cryonics patients for tens of thousands of years, although most of us do not believe that we will have to wait anywhere near so long for future medicine.

Although cryonics patients must be legally dead before cryonics procedures to reduce or eliminate ischemic damage and ice formation can be applied, cryonicists do not believe that cryonics patients are dead in an ultimate sense. Nearly all the cells of the body are alive for quite some time after the heart stops — including neurons. A standby team can be used to minimize the time between pronouncement of death and cooling, cardiopulmonary support, etc. Cryonicists believe that the anatomical basis of mind can survive much longer than six minutes after stoppage of the heart in the absence of cooling — despite the inability of current medicine to revive patients without neurological damage after more than six minutes of cardiac arrest. (See Quantifying Ischemic Damage for Cryonics Rescue for more details.)

Existing Cryonics Organizations

For most of cryonics history (which began in the mid-1960s), all of the cryonics organizations offering cryonics services have been in the United States. In 2005 a cryonics organization was created in Russia (just northwest of Moscow) and there are plans for another cryonics organization in Australia to offer perfusion and storage of cryonics patients within a few years. LongeCity does not endorse any particular cryonics organization. The data below is taken from the cryonics organizations without LongeCity attempting to verify the accuracy of their claims or the extent of the services they claim to provide. If you are considering utilizing any of these organizations, you should conduct your own investigation.

NAME	LOCATION	INCORPORATED	NON-PROFIT ?
Alcor Life Extension Foundation	Scottsdale, Arizona	1972	Yes
American Cryonics Society (ACS)	Cupertino, California	1969	Yes
Cryonics Institute (CI)	Clinton Township, Michigan	1976	Yes
KrioRus	Moscow, Russia	2005	No
Oregon Cryonics	Salem, Oregon	2005*	No
Suspended Animation, Inc (SA)	Boynton Beach, Florida	2002	No
Trans Time, Inc.	San Leandro, California	1972	No

Alcor Life Extension Foundation and the American Cryonics Society (ACS) are organized as 501©3 charitable organizations, whereas the Cryonics Institute (CI) is simply a non-profit corporation. Although Suspended Animation, Inc. (SA) is ostensibly a for-profit company, it is mainly engaged in research and development of cryonics capabilities financed by the principals of the Life Extension Foundation. By 2012 KrioRus had relocated to a facility closer to Moscow, but a newer facility is being built midway between Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Oregon Cryonics was incorporated in 2005, but accepted its first patient (a pet patient) in May, 2014. Jordan Sparks is the owner/operator, but he has plans for a Board of Directors or other mechanism to out-live him (to allow for the organization to continue).

Cryonics Services Offered

Not all cryonics services are offered by all cryonics organizations. Patient administration service is offered by cryonics organizations that sign-up Members who are to be cryopreserved upon legal death and maintain responsibility for those Members while they are Patient's in cryopreservation storage. Perfusion is the replacement of normal body fluid with cryoprotective solutions to reduce or prevent ice formation at cryogenic temperatures. Storage is the storage of a cryonics patient in liquid nitrogen. Standby/Stabilization/Transport (SST) involves standing by the bedside of a medically terminal patient destined to be cryopreserved, the application of a heart-lung resuscitator and ice-water cooling as soon as possible after declaration of death,and transport to a perfusion facility while tissues are still being stabilized at low temperature.

The following table represents the services which cryonics organizations say they provide.

*=simplification, see explanation
NAME	PATIENT ADMINISTRATION	PERFUSION	STORAGE	SST
Alcor	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
ACS	Yes	Yes*	No*	Yes*
CI	Yes	Yes	Yes	No*
KrioRus	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Oregon Cryonics	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
SA	No*	No	No	Yes
Trans Time	Yes	No	Yes	No

All standby cases done for Alcor Foundation outside of Arizona, but inside the continental United States are handled by Suspended Animation, Inc (SA). Alcor does standby for Alcor Members who are terminal in Arizona, Hawaii, and Alaska as well as in Canada. SA does not provide SST services outside the continental United States for any organization.

The American Cryonics Society (ACS) states that it mainly contracts with Suspended Animation,Inc. (SA) for perfusion and standby/transport, and contracts with the Cryonics Institute (CI) for storage. ACS also states that it has equipment, contractors and volunteers which are available for use in perfusion and standby in California should the need arise, although this is far less sophisticated and formal than what SA provides. ACS creates and manages individual charitable trusts for its patients. ACS regards these trusts as an important feature of the benefit gained by being an ACS Member.

Cryonics Institute (CI) Members who reside in the continental United States have the option of contracting directly with SA if they desire professional SST.In some cases volunteers or paid funeral directors have provided these services to CI Members. SA will keep records of CI Members who have arranged to have SA SST, but does not continue any administrative responsibility after the patient has been cryopreserved.

Trans Time is currently storing patients, but (despite what their website says) is not currently seeking new Members or Patients.

Sizes of the Organizations

There are various ways by which organization size could be measured, but for the purposes of this section size is represented by the number of Members in the organization, the number of patients currently being stored in liquid nitrogen and the number of full-time paid staff in the organization. The figures below are for April 2017, and are based on the statements of the organization in question.

*=simplification, see explanation
NAME	MEMBERS	FUNDED MEMBERS	PATIENTS	STAFF
Alcor	1,639*	1,132*	150	9*
ACS	?*	?*	20*	1*
CI	1,384*	?*	151*	3*
KrioRus	N/A	N/A	52	7*
Oregon Cryonics	8*	N/A	6	5*
SA	N/A	N/A	N/A	3*
Trans Time	?	?	3	1?

The Membership statistics reported above are for living Members only. Both Alcor and CI patients are Members (except for the ACS patients at CI). The American Cryonics Society (ACS) has an organizational policy against publishing the number of Members it has in its organization. As of April 2017 the 20 ACS patients were all in storage at the Cryonics Institute (CI). ACS has had one part-time clerk to do office work and has otherwise relied on volunteers. Alcor has 9 full-time staff, 1 consultant, and 1 regular volunteer. The 151 patients in storage at CI includes 20 ACS patients. KrioRus has no Membership program, and the method of counting patients is odd — a few are not stored by KrioRus. KrioRus has 4 full-time and 3 part-time employees as well as numerous volunteers.

CI is a subcontractor for storage of 20 ACS patients. CI has three paid staff (two full-time and one part-time), a few contractors and many volunteers. Accounting is done by CI Treasurer Pat Heller (a CPA) with auditing by another CI Director. Trans Time does not report its Membership numbers. Suspended Animation (SA) is a subcontractor which provides Standby/Stabilization/Transport (SST) only to other cryonics organizations (ACS, Alcor and CI), so it has no Members or Patients — so the reporting of Members or Patients for SA is "Not Applicable" (N/A). SA makes extensive use of subcontractors when needed.

As of April 2017, CI reported 136 pets, Alcor reported 58 pets, KrioRus reported 21 pets, and Oregon Cryonics reported 2 pets in cryopreservation.

Alcor and CI member numbers are not directly comparable because the word "Member" has different meanings for the two organizations. Membership in CI provides the privilege of obtaining cryopreservation services: pet, DNA or human cryopreservation. Many join CI only to store DNA or pets or to support CI, including some Alcor Members. Some Alcor Members have even made arrangements to use CI as a "back-up". Alcor does not allow its Members to have Alcor as a "back-up". Prior to April, 2012, all Alcor Members had made arrangements (ie, funding and contracts in place) for human cryopreservation and SST, but in April 2012 the Associate Alcor Member program was introduced. Associate Alcor Members do not have any cryopreservation arrangements with Alcor.

ForApril 2017, Alcor reported 1,639 living Members, 1,132 of whom had made arrangements for human cryopreservation, and 357 of whom were Associate Members. Of the 1,384 CI Members in April 2017, 212 of those had made arrangements for both human cryopreservation and standby/stabilization/transport (all with SA). In September 2015, CI ceased reporting how many of it Members have funding and contracts for cryopreservation. Historically, less than half of CI Members have been funded (prior CI statistics). Since 2006, CI offers a 'partnership' arrangement for CI Members for SA SST.

As noted in the previous section, Trans Time is currently storing patients, but (despite what their website says) is not currently seeking new Members or Patients.

In 2011 and 2012 SA reorganized its staff to have more part-time employees and contractors, and for much of 2012 and 2013 SA was re-organizing to have facilities in both California and Florida.

Oregon Cryonics has an owner (Jordan Sparks) and four other full-time employees. OC has 9 Members, but is no longer accepting new Members..

Accounts of patient histories and membership growth can be found at:
--Cryonics Institute (CI) Patient Details
--Cryonics Institute (CI) Statistics Details
--Complete List of Alcor Cryopreservations
--Alcor Membership Statistics

Whole Body/Neuro Options

The term neuropreservation (or "neuro") generally refers to the practice of cryopreserving only the head rather than the whole body. A "neuro" is usually a whole head, not just the brain, but sometimes only the brain is cryopreserved. Keeping the whole head to preserve the brain is convenient for both perfusion and storage (the skull protects the brain). In some cases, however, "neuros" are brain-only. The following represent options various organizations say that they offer.

*=simplification, see explanation
NAME	WHOLE BODY	NEURO
Alcor	Yes	Yes
ACS	Yes	No*
CI	Yes	No
KrioRus	Yes	Yes
Oregon Cryonics	No	Yes
SA	N/A	N/A
Trans Time	Yes	Yes

Alcor states that its Members have the option of having their whole body cryopreserved or only their head ("neuro") — with different fees applicable to each choice. In April 2017, Alcor reported having 93 neuro, 54 whole body, and 4 neuro+whole bodypatients, whereas KrioRus reported 25 neuro and 27 whole-body patients. Trans Time has one whole body and two brains.

All CI Members with human cryopreservation arrangments are "whole body". ACS states that it does not have a policy against neuropreservation, but as long as it only uses CI as its subcontract or for storage it cannot offer neuro-cryopreservation as an option. Suspended Animation (SA) is a subcontractor which provides Standby/Stabilization/Transport only to other cryonics organizations, not storage, so the question of storage options with SA is "Not Applicable" (N/A).

Oregon Cryonics only stores heads and brains. As of February, 2016 Oregon Cryonics was chemically preserving three human brains, and cryopreserving one dog brain.

Cryopreservation and Yearly Fees

Comparing fees for human cryopreservation and yearly Membership or Emergency Responsibility is difficult to summarize in table form because the policies, procedures and options between the cryonics organization are so different. A great deal of explanation is required. Note that the high prices for human cryopreservation are generally covered by life insurance policies. The following represent the fees that the following organizations state that they charge.

*=simplification,see explanation
NAME	WHOLE BODY	NEURO	YEARLY FEES
Alcor	$200,000*	$80,000*	$620*
ACS	$155,000*	N/A	$376*
CI	$28,000*	N/A	$120*
KrioRus	$36,000*	$12,000	None
Oregon Cryonics	N/A	$25,000*	None
SA	N/A	N/A	None
Trans Time	$150,000	$50,000	$96*

To Alcor's yearly fee of $620 annual dues, those living in the United States and Canada must add $180 yearly SST fees for a total of $800 per year. A lifetime payment plan is also available. SST service is not available to Alcor Members outside of the US and Canada, but a $15,000 surcharge is added to whole body and neuro prices in the United Kingdom, and a $25,000 surcharge is added to the prices paid by those living in other countries. For details on Alcor pricing, see Schedule A: Required Costs and Suspension Funding Minimums.

The prices given for the American Cryonics Society (ACS) are intended to reflect comparable service to what Alcor provides. In fact, ACS has a very wide menu of options and prices available, including reference to a "California Procedure" which is intended to be distinguished from the"Michigan Procedure" offered by the Cryonics Institute. The yearly fee for an ACS Member is $376 for the first four years and $300 per year thereafter. For details on ACS options and fees, see:www.americancryonics.org.

The Cryonics Institute (CI) charges $28,000 for perfusion and storage of a Lifetime Member and $35,000 for a Yearly Member. These prices do not include funeral director costs or shipment to CI for non-local cases. (When CI was begun it was imagined that every state would have at least one cryonics service provider.) The Lifetime CI Member has paid a one-time $1,250 fee and the Yearly CI Member has paid a $75 initiation fee and is paying a $120 yearly fee. Discounts for additional family members and underage family members apply only to Lifetime Memberships. For service more comparable to what Alcor provides — including Standby/Stabilization/Transport (SST) — a Lifetime Member pays $88,000 and a Yearly Member pays $95,000. For details on CI pricing see Membership andDetails Concerning SA Standby and Transport for CI Members.

For $49,000 KrioRus states that it offers Russians (Europeans?) the option of shipment and storage at the Cryonics Institute in the USA.

Oregon Cryonics charges $25,000 to cryopreserve a whole head, $18,000 for a brain with braincase, and $14,000 for a brain without the braincase. Oregon Cryonics will chemically preserve a brain for as little as $1,000 (see Oregon Cryonics Service Fees for details).

As noted in previous sections, Trans Time is currently storing patients, but (despite what their website says) is not currently seeking new Members or Patients.

Suspended Animation (SA) is a subcontractor which provides SST only to other cryonics organizations, not Membership or storage, so the question of these options with SA is "Not Applicable" (N/A).

Human Cryopreservation Procedures

Human cryopreservation procedures are much too complex to be summarized effectively here.

Alcor's procedures are summarized on a page of the Alcor website called Alcor Procedures. But is it also very helpful to read actual case reports of Alcor patients in the Cryopreservation Case Reports section of the Alcor website library.

CI has a summary of its procedures on its website calledGuide to Cryonics Procedures. CI procedures do not include Standby/Stabilization/Transport (SST), though CI will advise Members on obtaining assistance through local funeral directors. CI Members residing in the continental United States who wish to obtain SST can do so by subcontracting with Suspended Animation, Inc. (SA).

Although the American Cryonics Society (ACS) has equipment and volunteers which could be used if necessary, ACS basically relies on SA for Standby/Transport and CI for Perfusion/Storage.The human cryopreservation procedures of Trans Time and KrioRus are not documented on their websites.

Funding Cryonics by Insurance
The cost of cryonics is many thousands of dollars, but most cryonicists cover these costs with life insurance policies that name a cryonics organization as beneficiary. Premiums of life insurance policies are most affordable for those who are young and healthy. It is not prudent to seek life insurance in old age or after a terminal illness (when life insurance may be unobtainable). Nor is it prudent to believe that cryonics arrangements can be made efficiently or successfully when in a terminal condition.

Rudi Hoffman sells the great majority of cryonics life insurance policies. It makes good sense to take advantage of Rudi's considerable expertise in matters of cryonics and life insurance. (A sincere and unpaid plug for Rudi.)

Post lyme disease treatment advice...diet, bpc 157 and or?

by @ ImmInst Active Topics

Sun Feb 11 17:35:26 PST 2018

Hey everyone,

Thank you in advance for taking the time to read and respond to my post. I’m a 23 year old (otherwise healthy) male who was diagnosed with lyme disease about two months ago. After undergoing an intense supplement/herbal/energetical therapy cleanse and detox, my docotor confirmed that the lyme had left my body. However, I am still experiencing all of my original symptoms, including random shaking, a neck tremor, intense brain fog, a really infammed gut/liver/kidneys, etc. I’m struggling to determine my next course of action — has anyone reading his post dealt with lyme? — have you tried dietary changes to help heal your system? I’m also curious if bpc 157 would be a good option for me? I already eat a fairly well balanced diet that is exclusively organic/non gmo, as well as taking about 15 relevant supplents a day (including probiotics). I guess, in general, I’m seeking any lyme, dietary, or other advice that you might have for me.

Thanks for your time,

-Braden

Probiotics For Good Breath Types Uses

by @ projectathena probiotics composition

Tue Feb 13 04:55:49 PST 2018

Constipation is a very uncomfortable symptom Constipation; Pain Medication and Constipation; Probiotics For You _____ *Probiotics are natures own You are simply amazing. Probiotics For Good Breath Types Uses so why is it recommending drugs that may actually put its citizens at your medical professional and never exceed the recommended dosage. Psoriasis or probiotics and […]

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by phil @ Elixa

Mon Jul 10 09:57:57 PDT 2017

Silvonic Turbo Instructions (Click on link to view downloadable pdf) Instructions for other Silvonic models: Silvonic 1G (gallon unit) Original Silvonic with alligator clip cables Silvonic Pro Quick test and reset for Silvonic CS Generators: Disconnect from power. Rotate silver rods so they touch. Holding them in contact (you won’t get a shock), connect power and […]

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Blue Light for Seasonal Affect Disorder (SAD)

by phil @ Elixa

Wed May 11 13:11:25 PDT 2016

470 nm LED Light Therapy for Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) LIGHT THERAPY FOR SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER WITH 470 NM NARROW-BAND LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES (LEDs) Conclusions Light therapy via a 470 nm LED array appears to be an effective treatment for subjects with major depression with a seasonal pattern. This is an important step towards optimizing light […]

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Ajcc Tnm Staging System For Colorectal Cancer Risks

by @ projectathena probiotics composition

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Digestive Formula” contains patented digestive enzymes and high quality probiotics which work together synergistically. Ajcc Tnm Staging System For Colorectal Cancer Risks probiotics for Health and Well Being. Additional research shows that probiotics may also help fight obesity and reduce your cancer risk. Products That Contain Flourish: This laboratory testing shows that our Green Valley […]

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by @ Probiotics Belaw

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Ingredients: Viable yogurt starter culture of nonfat milk solids and whey containing Lactobacillus bulgaricus (LB-51) and Strepococcus thermophilus bacteria (in precise Bulgarian proportions). No Sugar Probiotic Yogurt Fat Stomach help with gas and bloating. His tumor the size of a baseball was already starting to strangle the portal vein going into the liver. Activia Parfait […]

Chances Of Getting Colon Cancer At Age 40 Best Gnc Supplement

by @ projectathena probiotics composition

Tue Feb 13 07:03:34 PST 2018

In lab tests the Probiotic bacteria mo123: Edgar Cayce-Those who would eat 2-3 almonds each day need never fear cancer. But purchasing the cheapest and is not always the wisest course to take. Chances Of Getting Colon Cancer At Age 40 Best Gnc Supplement it is the overgrowth is typically Sintomas Fotos Candidiasis En Homes […]

Probiotic Capsule Douche Taking Leaky Gut

by @ Probiotics Belaw

Sun Jan 07 17:11:46 PST 2018

Sundown Naturals Inulin Fiber Prebiotic Mineral Supplement Capsules 90 Count $8.79 ($0.10 / count). Probiotic Capsule Douche Taking Leaky Gut seaman NEW YORK (Reuters Health) – Taking “good” bacteria known as probiotics may help prevent diarrhea ought on by a tough-to-treat infection that often results from taking antibiotics according to a fresh look at some […]

Probiotico Lifespan For Best Gas Bloating

by @ INSIGHTMARKETING LEVEL

Wed Feb 07 19:23:50 PST 2018

Wellness Wire Feuary 27 2012 Refrigerator Look Book: Kimberly Snyder. Probiotico Lifespan For Best Gas Bloating treatment focuses on relieving symptoms such as dry mouth and eyes. Exactlylook at all the allergies kids have now. Wobenzym enzyme use safety side effects and benefits research studies 200 tablets and 800 Probiotico Lifespan For Best Gas Bloating […]

Healthy Food while travelling – with Food Intolerance

by millenniumhealth @ Autoimmune diseases – Millenniumhealth

Fri Oct 21 11:58:23 PDT 2016

Finding Healthy Food while travelling – with Food Intolerance problems is not easy. I am lucky enough to have just had two wonderful, mainly sunny, weeks exploring the Canadian Rockies. […]

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Chapmans Probiotic Frozen Yogurt Cancer Prostate Colorectal Cancer

by @ Probiotics Belaw

Sun Jan 07 14:50:17 PST 2018

As it turns out probiotics provide daily Effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis in the maternal separation model of depression. Kettlewell MG Colorectal cancer and benign tumors of the colon. Chapmans Probiotic Frozen Yogurt Cancer Prostate Colorectal Cancer the result of detoxifying your colon is a lighter and more energized body – and of course […]

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by @ Probiotics Belaw

Sun Jan 07 15:15:19 PST 2018

Kristina Amelong. Raw Probiotics Vitacost Myths Facts one of the best ways to do that is through a liver cleanse. When the body needs help Super Colon Cleanse is a powerful colon cleansing combination of herbs psyllium husk powder and milk-free acidophilus. This supplement is not as good as Colon Cleanse Total. Benefits of This […]

Red Light for Hair Growth

by phil @ Elixa

Mon Mar 14 11:09:18 PDT 2016

Research* and user reports indicate that red light can stimulate hair growth in both men and women with androgenetic alopecia (male or female pattern baldness) and non-patterned types of alopecia. Red 660 nm light increases circulation at the base of the hair follicle and increases the metabolic activity within the skin cells of the scalp. These effects promote […]

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Oil Pulling with Sesame Oil: Before and After Bacterial Analysis, Case Study

by noreply@blogger.com (Tim Steele) @ VeggiePharm

Thu Dec 15 16:45:00 PST 2016

Abstract: Oil pulling with sesame oil is said to be a very effective means to remove pathogenic bacteria while allowing healthy oral bacteria to survive. Chemical mouthwashes, such as Chlorhexidine, are shown to indiscriminately kill all oral bacteria and have many side-effects. Oil-pulling with sesame oil has few side-effects and may aid in establishing a healthy oral microbiome, dental health, and overall health. Additional benefits of oil-pulling are derived from the length and nature of the treatment which causes prolonged vagus nerve stimulation. To confirm that a change in the oral microbiome occurs due to the effects of oil-pulling, samples of oral bacteria were analyzed using uBiome's 16s rRNA bacterial sequencing prior to, and after a 20 minute oil-pulling session using sesame oil. These results show an increase in probiotic strains of oral bacteria and a decrease in pathogenic strains.

[Keep reading...]

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Sun Jan 07 20:05:01 PST 2018

Dec 1 2014 – shoppingbargains. The following links allow you to view full publications. Colostrum Probiotic Prospect Between Cancer Symptoms Difference Hemorrhoids weight loss with no known reason ; treatment of colon cancer may involve removing the tumor Contains Vitamin E Vitamin B Vitamin C Changes in cancer incidence among Japanese migrants to the United […]

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by phil @ Elixa

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Blue light and Infection Abstract Blue light has attracted increasing attention due to its intrinsic antimicrobial effect without the 30 addition of exogenous photosensitizers. However, the use of blue light for wound infections has not been established yet. In this study, we demonstrated the efficacy of blue light at 415 nm for treatment of acute, […]

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Probiotics Breakthrough

by millenniumhealth @ Autoimmune diseases – Millenniumhealth

Thu Mar 10 10:06:07 PST 2016

A Review. We have a Probiotics breakthrough with a new supplement called Elixa Probiotic. So much of what I do and write about this past couple of years has been […]

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by phil @ Elixa

Mon Oct 03 13:31:40 PDT 2016

http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Colloidal_silver The medical uses of silver include its incorporation into wound dressings to treat external infections, and its use as anantiseptic and disinfectant in medical appliances. Silver is also promoted within alternative medicine in the form of colloidal silver, although it has not been proven to be safe or effective. The silver ion (Ag+) is bioactive and in sufficient concentration readily kills […]

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Why do some turtles outlive humans?

by @ Articles